Multi-level ecotoxicological effects of imidacloprid on earthworm (Eisenia fetida)

Abstract

As a neurotoxic insecticide, imidacloprid (IMI) has been widely used for crop protection. However, continuous application of such pesticide in the environment may damage the non-target organisms in soil. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of IMI on earthworms in terms of survival, avoidance behavior, reproduction, detoxification enzyme activity and gene expression using a systematic experimental approach. The results showed that the 14-day LC50 value of IMI was 2.26 (2.09–2.43) mg a.i. kg−1, and the 2-day AC50 value (concentration inducing an avoidance rate of 50%) of IMI was 1.34 (1.02–1.91) mg a.i. kg−1 to E. fetida. For reproduction, the 56-day EC50 value of IMI was 0.87 (0.66–1.33) mg a.i. kg−1 to E. fetida, and there was a positive correlation between the growth rate of earthworms and the number of juveniles in IMI treatments. Activities of carboxylesterase (CarE) and glutathione-S-transferases (GST) in earthworms were disturbed by IMI exposure. Moreover, effects of IMI on the CarE activity in earthworms were more severe and sensitive compared with the GST activity. The expressions of annetocin (ann) and calreticulin (crt) at the transcriptional level were decreased upon IMI exposure, reaching the lowest levels of 0.09 fold and 0.16 fold on day 7 and day 14, respectively. Transcriptionally controlled tumor protein (tctp), heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) and gst exhibited relatively obvious variations (up-regulation or down-regulation) when the exposure duration was extended. Taken together, these results comprehensively contributed to further understandings of the impacts of IMI on earthworms.