Multifunctionalized mesoporous silica as an efficient reversed-phase/anion exchange mixed-mode sorbent for solid-phase extraction of four acidic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in environmental water samples

Abstract

A mesoporous silica Santa Barbara Amorphous-15 (SBA-15) has been first functionalized with 3-[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethylamino]propyl-trimethoxysilane (a silane with three amines) and then reacted with an excess of phenyl glycidyl ether to generate a mixed-mode anion-exchanger containing both anion-exchange (three amines) and reversed-phase (multiple ether-linked phenyls) functionalities in a single branched ligand. The resulting material has been characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The results obtained indicated a BET specific surface area (SBET) of 362.5m2g−1, a pore volume of 0.70cm3g−1 with a narrow pore size distribution centered at 6.6nm, and carbon and nitrogen contents of 28.30% and 2.84%, respectively. The dimensions of these particles (∼5μm diameter, ∼60μm length), their large surface areas, their high-density functionalities and anion-exchange mixed-mode characteristics make them very attractive for highly effective solid phase extraction (SPE) of acidic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The important parameters on extraction efficiency including sample pH, breakthrough volume, type and volume of eluent were optimized. A simple and sensitive analytical method based on mixed-mode SPE coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) was developed and successfully applied to the analysis of four NSAIDs (ketoprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, and ibuprofen) in spiked real water samples with satisfactory recoveries (80.6–110.9%) and repeatability (relative standard deviation <11.3%, n=3). The limit of detections of four NSAIDs were 0.006–0.070μgL−1 for tap water, and 0.014–0.16μgL−1 for river water and wastewater, with the enrichment factors of 806–1109-fold.