Abstract
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bone cements have been widely used in clinical practices. In order to enhance PMMA’s imaging performance to facilitate surgical procedures, a supplementation of radiopaque agent is needed. However, PMMA bone cements are still facing problems of loosening and bacterial infection. In this study, a multifunctional coating to simultaneously encapsulate drug and prevent the infection of radiopaque agent has been developed. Barium sulfate (BaSO4), a common radiopaque agent, is used as a substrate material. We successfully fabricated porous BaSO4 microparticles, then modified with hexakis-(6-iodo-6-deoxy)-alpha-cyclodextrin (I-CD) and silver (Ag) to obtain porous BaSO4@PDA/I-CD/Ag microparticles. The porous nature and presence of PDA coating and I-CD on the surface of microparticles result in efficient loading and release of drugs such as protein. Meanwhile, the radiopacity of BaSO4@PDA/I-CD/Ag microparticles is enhanced by this multifunctional coating containing Ba, I and Ag. PMMA bone cements containing BaSO4@PDA/I-CD/Ag microparticles show 99% antibacterial rate against both Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia Coli (E. coli), yet without apparently affecting its biocompatibility. Together, this multifunctional coating possessing enhanced radiopacity, controlled drug delivery capability and exceptional antibacterial performance, may be a new way to modify radiopaque agents for bone cements.
Highlights
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-based bone cements have been widely used in orthopaedic open surgeries such as artificial joint replacement and minimally invasive surgeries such as vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty for treating vertebral fractures [1,2,3]
The results show that the compressive strength of PMMA bone cements significantly decreases with increasing amount of BaSO4@PDA/I-CD/Ag microparticles
PMMA bone cements containing above microparticles exhibit excellent X-ray imaging property and porous BaSO4@PDA/I-CD/Ag may be applied as a new type radiocontrast for clinical therapeutics
Summary
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-based bone cements have been widely used in orthopaedic open surgeries such as artificial joint replacement and minimally invasive surgeries such as vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty for treating vertebral fractures [1,2,3]. The therapeutic effect of BaSO4 particles as radiopaque agent could be endowed with loading therapeutic drugs by porous structure, PDA coating and cyclodextrin (CD). With the goal to gain a radiopaque agent having strong radiopacity, great antibacterial property and long drug delivery ability, we developed novel porous BaSO4@PDA/I-CD/Ag microparticles with. To further investigate the drug release property of microparticle, we added BSA-loaded particle into PMMA bone cements. The release rate of PMMA bone cements containing porous BaSO4, BaSO4@PDA and BaSO4@PDA/I-CD/Ag particles were inferior to the pure particles at the same time point, respectively. The cumulative release amount of BSA from PMMA bone cement containing BaSO4@PDA/I-CD/Ag particles is higher than the other samples. After 21 d, the release rate of BSA from PMMA bone cements containing BaSO4@PDA/I-CD/Ag particles reach up to ~73% higher than PMMA bone cements containing BaSO4@PDA (59%) and porous BaSO4 (30%) particles
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