Abstract
This study presents a methodology to improve the operation of the power system and to deal with technical issues caused by electric vehicles (EVs) fast charging load. Fast charging stations (FCSs) are indispensable for widespread use of EVs since they can fully charge EVs in a short period of time. The integration of battery energy storage (BES) within the FCSs is considered a smart option to avoid the power congestion during the peak hours as well as the grid reinforcement costs due to FCSs. In addition, the BES can be used as multifunctional equipment, which is able to provide services such as peak shaving and frequency regulation. This study proposes a method to determine an optimal size of BES considering a stochastic modelling approach of the EVs load demand based on the users’ behaviour and their probabilistic driving patterns. Finally, a case study is carried out using a real DC fast-charging infrastructure in Copenhagen.
Highlights
In recent years, the large-scale electrification of the transport sector has become a major field of research
The main contributions of this study are: (i) a method to determine the expected charging demand from the DC-Fast charging stations (FCSs) according to different properties and probabilistic driving patterns; (ii) a stochastic planning method to analyse the electric vehicles (EVs) demand with a coordinated strategy to avoid the peak of the DC-FCS load in order to minimise the installation costs by using Battery energy storage (BES) and (iii) a strategy to provide frequency regulation services to the transmission system in an attempt to decrease the investment costs of the BES, making DC-FCSs with BES a cost-effective solution
The following assumptions are considered: (a) the DC-FCSs and the BES belong to the same private stakeholder, which is responsible for grid upgrade; (b) peak shaving (PS) is a local service provided electric vehicle supply equipment operators, and it will be performed to manage the EV demand during the congestion hours in order to avoid the grid reinforcement costs, and (c) frequency regulation is a service provided for the transmission system and it will be performed in order to compensate the investment costs of the BES
Summary
The large-scale electrification of the transport sector has become a major field of research. The widespread use of EVs and the installation of the DC-FCSs require further research to evaluate their impact on the distribution network and the installation costs for these flexible loads This topic has been addressed in different kinds of literature. The main contributions of this study are: (i) a method to determine the expected charging demand from the DC-FCSs according to different properties and probabilistic driving patterns; (ii) a stochastic planning method to analyse the EV demand with a coordinated strategy to avoid the peak of the DC-FCS load in order to minimise the installation costs by using BES and (iii) a strategy to provide frequency regulation services to the transmission system in an attempt to decrease the investment costs of the BES, making DC-FCSs with BES a cost-effective solution.
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