Multifrequency phase and modulation fluorometry.

Abstract

Ann. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng. 1984. 13: 105-24 MULTIFREQUENCY PHASE AND MODULATION FLUOROMETRY1 Enrico Gratton Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 David M. Jameson Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75235 Robert D. Hall Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 INTRODUCTION General Aspects Determination of characteristic fluorescence parameters i.e. spectral properties, quantum yields, polarizations, and lifetimes, is important in the study of excited states of atoms, molecules, and crystals and also for diagnostic purposes in the physical, chemical, biological, and medical sciences. The appeal of fluorescence methodologies lies in their intrinsic sensitivity and also in the characteristic time scale of the emission process. The excited fluorescent state typically persists for nanoseconds or less, a period that corresponds to the time scale of many important biological ‘ The US Government has the right to retain a nonexclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright covering this paper. 105