Abstract
Multiferroic (MF) materials with simultaneous magnetic and electric long range order and occasionally, mutual magnetoelectric (ME) coupling, have recently attracted considerable interest. The small linear ME effect has been shown to control spintronic devices very efficiently, e.g. via the classic ME antiferromagnet Cr2O3 using exchange bias. Similar nano-engineering concepts exist also for type-I MF single phase materials, whose magnetic and polar orders have distinct origins like BiFeO3. Strong ME coupling occurs in type-II multiferroics, where ferroelectricity is due to spiral spin order as in TbMnO3. Record high ME response coming close to applicability arises in stress-strain coupled multiphase magnetoelectrics such as PZT/FeBSiC composites. Higher order ME response in disordered systems (“type-III multiferroics”) extends the conventional MF scenario toward ME quantum paraelectric and multiglass materials with polarization-induced control of magnetic exchange, as e.g. in EuTiO3, Sr0.98Mn0.02TiO3, and PbFe0.5Nb0.5O3.
Highlights
IntroductionHill posed the provocative question ‘Why are there so few magnetic ferroelectrics?’ [1]
Strong ME coupling occurs in type-II multiferroics, where ferroelectricity is due to spiral spin order as in TbMnO3
Record high ME response coming close to applicability arises in stress-strain coupled multiphase magnetoelectrics such as PZT/FeBSiC composites
Summary
Hill posed the provocative question ‘Why are there so few magnetic ferroelectrics?’ [1] No doubt, she knew the answer, at least for the oxidic perovskites with the chemical formula ABO3, where magnetism becomes established via transition metal ions such as Ni2+, Fe3+, Mn4+. She knew the answer, at least for the oxidic perovskites with the chemical formula ABO3, where magnetism becomes established via transition metal ions such as Ni2+, Fe3+, Mn4+ While practically all ferroelectric (FE) perovskites contain transition metal ions with empty d shells, such as Ti4+, Ta5+, W6+ They favor offcentrality due to their ability to form covalent bonds with neigboring oxygen ions. Its still growing complexity will be subject to this brief overview
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