Abstract
Adiponectin is the richest adipokine in human plasma, and it is mainly secreted from white adipose tissue. Adiponectin circulates in blood as high-molecular, middle-molecular, and low-molecular weight isoforms. Numerous studies have demonstrated its insulin-sensitizing, anti-atherogenic, and anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, decreased serum levels of adiponectin is associated with chronic inflammation of metabolic disorders including Type 2 diabetes, obesity, and atherosclerosis. However, recent studies showed that adiponectin could have pro-inflammatory roles in patients with autoimmune diseases. In particular, its high serum level was positively associated with inflammation severity and pathological progression in rheumatoid arthritis, chronic kidney disease, and inflammatory bowel disease. Thus, adiponectin seems to have both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects. This indirectly indicates that adiponectin has different physiological roles according to an isoform and effector tissue. Knowledge on the specific functions of isoforms would help develop potential anti-inflammatory therapeutics to target specific adiponectin isoforms against metabolic disorders and autoimmune diseases. This review summarizes the current roles of adiponectin in metabolic disorders and autoimmune diseases.
Highlights
Adiponectin is a secretory protein produced by adipocytes of white adipose tissue [1]
This study indicated that mir-711 has anti-inflammatory effects that might be induced by adiponectin in muscle tissue [35]
Some studies indicated that high-molecular weight (HMW) has a negative relationship with inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetic patients [133,134,135] and obese people [136]. These results indicate that HMW has both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects by activating two different signaling pathways known as AMPK and NF-κB
Summary
Adiponectin is a secretory protein produced by adipocytes of white adipose tissue [1]. Adiponectin consists of a nitrogen terminal collagen domain and a carboxyl terminal globular domain [2]. The biological functions of adiponectin are varied since it circulates in blood in multiple isoforms. It has three different molecular weights: low-molecular weight (LMW) (trimer), middle-molecular weight (MMW) (hexamer), and high-molecular weight (HMW) (multimer) [4]. Investigative research has reported the involvement of different adiponectin isoforms in the pathogenesis of various diseases [5]. We provide a detailed overview of the physiological roles of adiponectin and its related isoforms We highlight their role in inflammation and other related diseases with a focus on its dual behavior in different pathological conditions
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