Abstract
Adiponectin is a most abundant secretory protein produced by adipocytes of white adipose tissue. Adiponectin circulates in blood as three different (high-molecular, middle-molecular, and low-molecular weight) isoforms, gives its effects through AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 receptor. Primary data suggesting that adiponectin has insulin-sensitizing, anti-atherogenic, and anti-inflammatory effects. High serum level of adiponectin is positively associated with inflammation severity and pathological progression in chronic kidney disease, liver disease and inflammatory bowel disease. It has emerged as a valuable biomarker for insulin sensitivity, cardiovascular risk and inflammation. Adiponectin is gaining attention for its therapeutic role in Alzheimer’s disease. Adiponectin appears to play a crucial role not only in glucose and lipid metabolism but also the development and progression of different cancers. Adiponectin also produced locally in the retinas participate in defense of various eye diseases. This review summarizes the role of adiponectin as benevolent adipokine in different disorders.
Highlights
Adiponectin is protein consisting of 244-amino acid which is part of complement 1q family [1]
Adipocytes are the main source of Adiponectin production and its transcription is controlled by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) [2]
White Adipose Tissue (WAT) and Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT) are the main source of adiponectin production which is reflected in the blood in concentration of 5–30μl/ml Adiponectin may be a protein mainly secreted by WAT adipocytes
Summary
Adiponectin is protein consisting of 244-amino acid which is part of complement 1q family [1]. Adipocytes are the main source of Adiponectin production and its transcription is controlled by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) [2]. It has N terminal collagenous region and a C terminal globular domain [3]. It circulates in trimmeric, hexameric, and higher order complexes [4]. Adiponectin is classified according to molecular mass, it is classified in to low (trimmer), middle (hexameric), and high complexes [5]. Adiponectin exist mainly either as full length form or smaller globular form in circulation. Adiponectin is seen in human cerebral cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), in trimmer form. Its concentrations within the CSF are as approximately 1000 fold less than that in serum [6,7,8]
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