Multielement analysis of environmental samples by total-reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, neutron activation analysis and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy

Abstract

In environmental research and protection trace elements have to be determined over a wide range of atomic number, down to very low concentrations, and in quite different matrices. This challenge requires the availability of complementary analytical methods characterized by a high detection power and few sources of systematic errors. Besides, the capacity of multielement detection is often desired since it facilitates the tackling of many problems in which numerous trace elements are of direct concern. Total reflection X-ray fluorescence, neutron activation analysis and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, in principle, fulfill these requirements quite well. However, each method has its domain, and the application to certain sample species may be less promising. Under this aspect, the paper summarizes some recent developments and investigations, including intercomparisons as far as possible. Various matrices are considered: rainwater and airborne particulates, soil samples, river sediments and suspended particulate matter, river water filtrates, ovean water, and organic matrices. Capabilities and limitations are discussed. Sample preparation techniques are described if they are new or essential for achieving the results given.