Multicomponent Crystals of Phthalocyanines–A Possibility of Fine-Tuning Properties

Abstract

Phthalocyanines (Pcs) are 18-electron π-conjugated macrocyclic ring systems with proven activities in diverse fields, including pharmaceuticals and catalysis. These demonstrated activities are often alluded to as their fascinating photophysical and photochemical dispositions, which are usually dependent on their molecular structures. However, many of these molecules suffer from aggregation due to π–π stacking and have limited insolubility in hydrophilic media, which limits their extensive utilisation in pharmaceutical applications. This review will explore the possibility of fine-tuning the physicochemical properties of phthalocyanines when designed as multicomponent crystals. Among the proven and SMART approaches that have been shown to enhance drug solubility without altering the molecular structure is co-crystallisation. This protocol involves the design and formation of non-covalent interactions between two or more molecular entities to create a supramolecular assembly and subsequently afford multicomponent crystals (MCCs). A systematic review of the Cambridge Structural Database repository yielded several single and multicomponent crystals of Pcs; however, most of them were either salts or solvates, with only a few reports on their co-crystals.