Abstract
During recent decades, the use of enzymes or chemoenzymatic cascades for organic chemistry has gained much importance in fundamental and industrial research. Moreover, several enzymatic and chemoenzymatic reactions have also served in green and sustainable manufacturing processes especially in fine chemicals, pharmaceutical, and flavor/fragrance industries. Unfortunately, only a few processes have been applied at industrial scale because of the low stabilities of enzymes along with the problematic processes of their recovery and reuse. Immobilization and co-immobilization offer an ideal solution to these problems. This review gives an overview of all the pathways for enzyme immobilization and their use in integrated enzymatic and chemoenzymatic processes in cascade or in a one-pot concomitant execution. We place emphasis on the factors that must be considered to understand the process of immobilization. A better understanding of this fundamental process is an essential tool not only in the choice of the best route of immobilization but also in the understanding of their catalytic activity.
Highlights
Biocatalysis has been recognized as a valuable tool for the development of more sustainable methods in organic synthesis [1]
This is due to the greater proximity of NADH with the enzymes, since it is available within the Metal–Organic Framework (MOF), in addition to biocatalyst positioning in the membrane, which allows a better transfer of intermediates, and separation of the product through the PVDF membrane
Pd/alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) core–shell hybrid nanocatalyst could provide the product with a yield 23 higher than 60% and ee higher than 95% when used for the fourth run without any detectable leaching of metal and enzyme
Summary
Biocatalysis has been recognized as a valuable tool for the development of more sustainable methods in organic synthesis [1]. An important aspect of the development of a cost-effective and industrially suitable biocatalytic process relies on the recycling and recovery of the biocatalyst [7] This issue has been addressed by immobilization. In the current above-described scenario, co-immobilization of multi(bio)catalysts in a single support to give materials with multicatalytic function offers the traditional advantages associated with immobilization itself, such as improvement of catalysts stability and recovery, as well as additional benefits that have the potential to improve cascade efficiency and overcome typical challenges inherent to the development of cascade processes. The basis of most common immobilization techniques is covered and strategies for obtaining multicatalytic materials designed to promote cascade reactions towards the synthesis of fine chemicals are highlighted
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