Multi-species Perspectives on Anthropogenic Environments: Dental Pathology Patterns, Marquesas Islands (Polynesia)

Abstract

ABSTRACTWe undertake a multi-species comparison to investigate prehistoric human-animal interactions and changing environmental conditions, both natural and anthropogenic in origin. The differing vantage points offered by domesticated pigs (Sus scrofa) and dogs (Canis familiaris), and their human managers are considered. Initially, a framework for multi-species comparisons is developed, taking into account species-specific life histories, and aimed at understanding intra- and inter-species patterns of dental pathologies. Using a case study from the Marquesas Islands, we examine the frequency, distribution, and severity of dental calculus, caries, and enamel hypoplasia across these three species to identify changes in diet and non-specific stressors. We specifically assess the hypothesis that anthropogenic impacts on local environments over a ca. 600-year period of human occupation, combined with deteriorating climate conditions in late prehistory, led to a worsening of conditions for all three species. Results from the dental pathology analysis are supportive. Calculus and caries increased over time, suggesting dietary changes which adversely affected oral health but not necessarily nutrition. Additionally, instances of enamel hypoplasia were more common and more severe in late prehistory, suggesting non-specific stressors increased. In the best represented animal (domestic pigs), shifts in human management practices also are indicated.