Abstract
Upconversion nanomaterials show promising applications in multimodal imaging due to their advantages such as sharp emission bands and non-autofluorescence in tissue. Obtaining intense red upconversion emission is crucial for fluorescence imaging. Herein, we designed a multi-shell structured NaErF4:0.5%Tm3+@NaYF4:20%Yb3+ @NaLuF4 upconversion nanomaterial exhibiting strong red emission and high red-to-green ratio under 980 nm irradiation. The main mechanism of the strong emission is attributed to the inert NaLuF4 shell which serves to block the energy transfer from Yb3+ to surface defects. In addition, a NaGdF4 shell is further cladded considering the property of Gd3+ of facilitating longitudinal relaxation rate of water. The properties of X-ray attenuation, longitudinal relaxation rate, and the upconversion emission of the measured sample suggest that our designed nanomaterial possesses potential for X-ray computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and fluorescence trimodal imaging.
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