Abstract
The bovine species buffalo was domesticated from its wild strain Bubalus arnee and is widely used livestock in southern Asia. There are two distinct types of Buffalo- the swamp buffalo (B. bubalis kerebau) and the river buffalo (B. bubalis bubalis), which diverged from the wild Asian water buffalo and then evolved in separate geographical regions. Several research studies performed on buffalo, like- characterization of trait-specific Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP), genetic and phenotypic diversity, gene prediction and function annotation, mapping of the draft genome, have helped our understanding of the buffalo genome. Some advanced discovery as identification of Single Nucleotide Variant (SNVs), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) marker and their association with various phenotypic traits, MicroRNA's expression profiling, whole-genome sequencing, etc. have also enabled us to track the chromosomal evolution, physiological processes, and gene expression of buffalo. Proper enhancement of these traits can lead us to apply multi-omics-based tools for better animal health and production. Recent advancement in genomic research on buffalo is being accelerated with the association of modern tools like- Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS), genotyping by sequencing, epigenomic screening, microRNA's expression profiling, microarray technology, and whole-genome sequencing. All these tools bear great significance in breed up-gradation, identification of the phylogenetic relationship between species in proteome and genomic level, study gene expression level, diagnose diseases or developmental stages, phenotypic diversity, etc. All this knowledge paved the way for better optimization of production efficiency, product quality, and resistance to certain health hazards.
Highlights
Buffalo is a multipurpose indispensable ruminant livestock possessing social, cultural, and economic importance [1,2,3]
Dairy buffalo production is very familiar in Asia, especially in South Asian countries, for instance- Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, etc
This study provides important information about the genetic diversity among two different species [35] other than China and India
Summary
Buffalo is a multipurpose indispensable ruminant livestock possessing social, cultural, and economic importance [1,2,3]. As it utilizes coarse feed more efficiently than cattle, it possesses more disease resistance power and produces more solid in milk [6] It contributes to crop productivity by providing draught power and transportation, dung as. Known as the river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), is the second essential one having a colossal role in milk production, drought, and transportation [4, 10, 11] It is often called a living tractor for its great role in plowing. Buffalo is the next to the cattle that have been a long time contributing to smallholder farmers vis-à-vis the national economy These are mainly managed in the household subsistence of smallholder farmers and extensive bathan farming in the saline coastal region in Bangladesh [6]. Broadening knowledge about buffalo and its imposition to a significant era can enhance its milk production and other possible factors that can be very profitable for Bangladesh and its economy
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