Abstract
A hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV)/biomass generator (BG) energy-trading framework between grid supply and base stations (BSs) is proposed in this article to address the power crisis of the utility grid, to enhance energy self-reliance, and to downsize the cost. The optimal size, technical criteria, energy generation, and different types of costs have been evaluated considering the dynamic behavior of solar radiation, traffic arrival intensity, and average biomass energy potential. Additionally, the wireless network performance in terms of total achievable throughput, spectral efficiency (SE), and energy efficiency (EE) are extensively examined using the MATLAB-based Monte-Carlo simulations taking multipath fading, system bandwidth, transmission power, and inter-cell interference (ICI) into consideration. The numerical results demonstrate that the energy-trading facility can achieve net present cost (NPC) and greenhouse gas saving up to 3.20% and 65.8%, respectively. In the end, the performance of the hybrid solar PV/BG system has been thoroughly compared with the standalone solar PV, hybrid PV/wind turbine (WT), and hybrid PV/diesel generator (DG) systems under on-grid and off-grid configurations for benchmarking.
Highlights
Telecom network operators are installing a higher number of base stations (BSs) to meet the demand of ever-increasing data rate and the number of mobile subscribers across the world
It is seen that the battery bank capacity and BG size remain unchanged for all configurations, which indicates that the system is reliable
This paper examines the feasibility of deploying a combined solar PV and biomass-focused sustainable supply system for powering the long term evaluation (LTE) macro-base stations in order to reduce both net present cost and carbon contents
Summary
Telecom network operators are installing a higher number of BSs to meet the demand of ever-increasing data rate and the number of mobile subscribers across the world. It is identified that cellular networks consume much of the energy disbursed for the mobile communication industry, wherein the base station alone draws above 57% of the total energy expenditure [4]. The authors in Reference [5] mentioned that the annual energy consumed by the mobile industry has increased from 219 TWh in 2007 to 519 TWh in 2019. This consumption rises at a yearly rate of 10%. The world energy consumption is projected to rise by around 27%, which is equivalent to 3743 million tons of oil from 2018 to 2040 as reported by the International Energy Agency (IEA) [6]
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