Abstract
Precise point positioning (PPP) and its integer ambiguity resolution-enabled variant, PPP-RTK (real-time kinematic), can benefit enormously from the integration of multiple global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). In such a multi-GNSS landscape, the positioning convergence time is expected to be reduced considerably as compared to the one obtained by a single-GNSS setup. It is therefore the goal of the present contribution to provide numerical insights into the role taken by the multi-GNSS integration in delivering fast and high-precision positioning solutions (sub-decimeter and centimeter levels) using PPP-RTK. To that end, we employ the Curtin PPP-RTK platform and process data-sets of GPS, BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) and Galileo in stand-alone and combined forms. The data-sets are collected by various receiver types, ranging from high-end multi-frequency geodetic receivers to low-cost single-frequency mass-market receivers. The corresponding stations form a large-scale (Australia-wide) network as well as a small-scale network with inter-station distances less than 30 km. In case of the Australia-wide GPS-only ambiguity-float setup, 90% of the horizontal positioning errors (kinematic mode) are shown to become less than five centimeters after 103 min. The stated required time is reduced to 66 min for the corresponding GPS + BDS + Galieo setup. The time is further reduced to 15 min by applying single-receiver ambiguity resolution. The outcomes are supported by the positioning results of the small-scale network.
Highlights
Integer ambiguity resolution-enabled precise point positioning, Precise point positioning (PPP)-RTK, enables single-receiver users to recover the integerness of their carrier-phase ambiguities, thereby reducing the positioning convergence time as compared to that of PPP [1,2]
With availability of network-derived satellite clock and satellite phase bias products from network processing above, the convergence behavior of user position is analyzed using multi-global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) data from 50 continuously operating reference station (CORS) receivers evenly distributed across Australia
We provided numerical insights into the role taken by the multi-GNSS
Summary
Integer ambiguity resolution-enabled precise point positioning, PPP-RTK, enables single-receiver users to recover the integerness of their carrier-phase ambiguities, thereby reducing the positioning convergence time as compared to that of PPP [1,2]. Apart from the satellite clocks, the PPP-RTK network platform provides users with the satellite phase biases and (optionally) the ionospheric corrections for fast integer ambiguity resolution [3,4]. Observations are processed using the Curtin PPP-RTK Software [14,15] at the undifferenced and uncombined level [14] This does lead to convenience in extending the number of the frequencies and satellite systems involved, and provides possibilities to apply rigorous spatial and temporal dynamic models on parameters like clocks, hardware biases and ionospheric delays [16]. The multi-GNSS user positioning results based on an Australia-wide network, a small-scale network and a low-cost network are analysed with the convergence curves in different scenarios. The last section concludes the results presented in this contribution
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