Abstract

In this literature review, the analysis of the studies of venous blood flow pathology in the inferior Vena cava system using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is carried out. Special attention is paid to the attempts made to use this method in the diagnosis of chronic lower limb vein disorders (CVD) through magnetic resonance venography (MRV). Historically and methodically, the gradual introduction of MRV methods in the diagnosis of lower limb vein thrombosis (LEDVT) and venous thromboembolism (VTE) has been shown.Methods of non-contrast MRV based on the effect of blood flow, as in the case of MR-Angiography, are divided into two principal groups: methods based on the amplitude effects of Time-of-Flight (TOF) and methods based on Phase Contrast effects (PC). Techniques for conducting contrast-free MRV are described in detail. Attention is paid to pulse sequences used in the world for visualization of veins in contrast-free MRV in TOF and PC mode (FR-FBI, SPADE, SSFP) and post-processing methods: 2D-TOF MRV FLASH, 2D-TOF MRV CRASS, FIPS, VED, VENS.Contrast-enhanced MRV (CE MRV) is based on the use of “blood pool” contrast agents, which feature the ability to form stable compounds with blood plasma proteins. Worldwidesubstances with magnetic and supermagnetic properties based on gadolinium or iron oxide are used as contrast agents for CE MRV. The result of using these contrast agents is an increase in the quality of visualization due to a better signal to noise ratio (SNR) using 3D image processing (3D CE MRV) using fast sequences: GRE, TFLAS, VESPA, CAT, in conditions of direct and indirect CE MRV.It is noted that in recent years, certain restrictions have been imposed on certain linear contrast agents containing gadolinium in their further use. Therefore, for the purpose of CE MRV, it is efficientl to use only cyclic contrast agents to avoid unnecessary risks.Contrast-free MRV has again received intensive development in recent years, due to the restrictions imposed, one of these methods is direct thrombus imaging (Direct Thrombus Imaging – DTI or Magnetic Resonance Direct Thrombus Imaging - MRDTI) using fast pulse sequences: bSSFP, BBTI, DANTE. The latest research on this LEDVT diagnostic method was published in 2019 and has shown high diagnostic value.For all the most commonly used methods of MRV, specificity and sensitivity are shown.Further MRV in patients with CVD and DVT is a promising diagnostic task in modern phlebology. MRV should be introduced into clinical practice more actively than it is today.

Highlights

  • В данном обзоре литературы проводится анализ исследований патологии венозного кровотока в системе нижней полой вены с помощью магнитно-резонансной томографии (Magnetic Resonance Imaging – magnetic resonance imaging (MRI))

  • Результатом использования данных контрастных препаратов является повышение качества визуализации за счет лучшего соотношения сигнал/шум (Signal to Noise Ratio – signal to noise ratio (SNR)) с использованием обработки изображения в режиме 3D (3D-CE magnetic resonance venography (MRV)) с использованием быстрых последовательностей: GRE, TFLAS, VESPA, CAT в условиях проведения прямой и непрямой СE MRV

  • Сравнительный анализ использования контрастно-усиленной годолинием Gd-Contrast-enhanced MRV (CE MRV) в режиме 3D с использованием градиентной импульсной последовательности GRE в Т1-взвешенном изображении (а) и методом “черной крови” (Black-Blood Thrombus Imaging – BBTI) в режиме 3D c использованием последовательности турбо-спин-эхо и обработкой изображения в режиме подавления венозного кровотока (Delay Alternating with Nutation for Tailored Excitation – DANTE) в Т1-взвешенном изображении (б)

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Summary

Introduction

В данном обзоре литературы проводится анализ исследований патологии венозного кровотока в системе нижней полой вены с помощью магнитно-резонансной томографии (Magnetic Resonance Imaging – MRI). Однако на сегодня метод магнитно-резонансной флебографии (Magnetic Resonance Venography – MR-Venography, или MRV) в диагностике гемодинамических нарушений непосредственно у пациентов с СVD даже при подозрении на DVT в проксимальных отделах венозной системы всеобщего признания не получил.

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