MR-guided beam gating: Residual motion, gating efficiency and dose reconstruction for stereotactic treatments of the liver and lung

Abstract

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the efficiency and the geometric as well as the dosimetric benefit of magnetic-resonance guided beam gating for stereotactic treatments in moving organs. MethodPatients treated with MR-guided (MRIdian system) SBRT for lung (n = 10) and liver (n = 10) targets were analyzed. Breath-hold gating was performed based on lesion tracking in sagittal cine MRI images. The target offset from the geometric center of the gating window with and without gating was evaluated. A dose reconstruction workflow based on convolution of these 2D position-probability maps and the daily 3D dose distribution was used to estimate the daily delivered dose including motion. The dose to the clinical target volume (CTV) and to a 2-cm ring structure around the planning target volume were evaluated. ResultsThe applied gating protocol resulted in a mean (±standard deviation) gating efficiency of 55%±16%. Over all patients, the mean target offset (2D-root-mean-square error) was 8.3 ± 4.3 mm, which reduced to 2.4 ± 0.6 mm during gating. The dose reconstruction showed a mean deviation in CTV coverage (D95) from the static plans of −1.7%±1.8% with gating and −12.0%±8.4% if no gating would have been used. The mean dose (Dmean) in the ring structure, with respect to the static plans, showed mean deviations of −0.1%±0.3% with gating and −1.6%±1.8% without gating. ConclusionThe MRIdian system enables gating based on the inner anatomy and the implemented dose reconstruction workflow demonstrated geometric robust delivery of the planned radiation doses.