Abstract
In this paper, we critically review the current state-of-the-art for sensor network applications and approaches that have developed in response to the recent rise of low-cost technologies. We specifically focus on water-related low-cost sensor networks, and conceptualize them as socio-technical systems that can address resource management challenges and opportunities at three scales of resolution: (1) technologies, (2) users and scenarios, and (3) society and communities. Building this argument, first we identify a general structure for building low-cost sensor networks by assembling technical components across configuration levels. Second, we identify four application categories, namely operational monitoring, scientific research, system optimization, and community development, each of which has different technical and nontechnical configurations that determine how, where, by whom, and for what purpose low-cost sensor networks are used. Third, we discuss the governance factors (e.g., stakeholders and users, networks sustainability and maintenance, application scenarios, and integrated design) and emerging technical opportunities that we argue need to be considered to maximize the added value and long-term societal impact of the next generation of sensor network applications. We conclude that consideration of the full range of socio-technical issues is essential to realize the full potential of sensor network technologies for society and the environment.
Highlights
Rapid development of environmental sensing and networking technologies has radically altered the challenges associated with monitoring network design and implementation.[1]
By reviewing the current options, we identify a general structure for assembling technical components across multiple configuration levels, and demonstrate how these can be considered as building blocks that can be structurally organized into sensor networks
This critical review scrutinizes the recent development of water-related sensor network applications and approaches through a socio-technical lens
Summary
Rapid development of environmental sensing and networking technologies has radically altered the challenges associated with monitoring network design and implementation.[1]. With the move toward automated environmental sensor networks (i.e., a collection of sensor elements that monitor and communicate measurements back to a central storage location), technical aspects of sensor networks became the main focus, such as how to design and build both sensors and the underlying network architecture, and how to collect data with satisfactory quality.[3] technological progress, miniaturization and mass production of electronic components, has caused a proliferation of low-cost sensor networks across a range of applications, opening up new nontechnical challenges (often related to network governance) that we argue need urgent attention. We argue significant scope remains for expanding and improving the utility of low-cost sensor networks, providing their sociotechnical attributes and challenges are given the required credence
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