Abstract
Organometal halide perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3) semiconductors have been promising candidates as a photoactive layer for photovoltaics. Especially for high performance devices, the crystal structure and morphology of this perovskite layer should be optimized. In this experiment, by employing solvent–antisolvent vapor techniques during a modified sequential deposition of PbI2–CH3NH3I layers, the morphology engineering was carried out as a function of antisolvent species such as: chloroform, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, toluene, and diethyl ether. Then, the optical, morphological, structural, and surface properties were characterized. When dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, solvent) and diethyl ether (antisolvent) vapors were employed, the CH3NH3PbI3 layer exhibited relatively desirable crystal structures and morphologies, resulting in an optical bandgap (Eg) of 1.61 eV, crystallite size (t) of 89.5 nm, and high photoluminescence (PL) intensity. Finally, the stability of perovskite films toward water was found to be dependent on the morphologies with defects such as grain boundaries, which was evaluated through contact angle measurement.
Highlights
Organometal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have received tremendous interest for a next-generation photovoltaic (PV) technology.[1,2,3,4,5] Perovskite can be designated by a common formula known as ABX3 where ‘A’ is a large organic cation [CH3NH3 or HC (NH2)2], ‘B’ is a metal cation (Pb, Sn), and ‘X’ is a halide (Cl, Br, I)
The solvent (DMSO) and antisolvent (CF, CB, DCB, Tol, Et2O) vapors are sequentially exposed to the perovskite layer
The solubility parameter (d) with the dimension of1/2 is in the order of 14.5 (DMSO) > 10 (DCB) > 9.5 (CB) > 9.2 (CF) > 8.9 (Tol) > 7.4 (Et2O), indicating that dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is the most polar, whereas Et2O is the most nonpolar
Summary
Organometal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have received tremendous interest for a next-generation photovoltaic (PV) technology.[1,2,3,4,5] Perovskite can be designated by a common formula known as ABX3 where ‘A’ is a large organic cation [CH3NH3 or HC (NH2)2], ‘B’ is a metal cation (Pb, Sn), and ‘X’ is a halide (Cl, Br, I). The perovskite material is a light-harvesting component of the PSCs, and is able to offer many desirable characteristics such as low-temperature solution processability,[6,7] high absorption coefficient,[8] long carrier diffusion length,[9] high charge carrier mobility,[10] and adjustable direct bandgap with suitable alternative metals, halogens, and organic cations.[11,12,13,14] These characteristics can be further modi ed by using additives,[15,16,17] compositional adjustments,[18,19] and solvent–antisolvent extraction approaches.[20] the PSCs have been a promising candidate for commercialization in the current PV industries. The morphology and crystallinity of the perovskite thin lm should be very important for fabricating high-efficiency PV devices.[34]
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