Abstract
Efficiently targeted cancer therapy without causing detrimental side effects is necessary for alleviating patient care and improving survival rates. This paper presents observations of morphological changes in H1299 human lung cancer cells following W-band millimeter wave (MMW) irradiation (75–105 GHz) at a non-thermal power density of 0.2 mW/cm2, investigated over 14 days of subsequent physiological incubation following exposure. Microscopic analyses of the physical parameters measured indicate MMW irradiation induces significant morphological changes characteristic of apoptosis and senescence. The immediate short-term responses translate into long-term effects, retained over the duration of the experiment(s), reminiscent of the phenomenon of accelerated cellular senescence (ACS), and achieving terminal tumorigenic cell growth. Further, results were observed to be treatment specific in an energy (dose)-dependent manner and were achieved without the use of chemotherapeutic agents, ionizing radiation, or thermal ablation employed in conventional methods, thereby overcoming the associated side effects. Adaptation of the experimental parameters of this study for clinical oncology concomitant with current developmental trends of non-invasive medical endoscopy alleviates MMW therapy as an effective treatment procedure for human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
Highlights
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths among men and second among women worldwide [1]
5–15% of the untreated population (Figure 3b,c, Day 7). These results indicate that under 2 min of millimeter wave (MMW) irradiation, H1299 cells accumulate irreversible morphological changes characteristic of senescence [25,26,27], and/or undergo cell cycle arrest at G1/2/M phases, which is usually observed after anticancer drug treatment [28]
These results indicate that the morphological changes of H1299 cell populations are affected most by irradiation under the 4-min exposure regime with a power density of 0.2 mW/cm2 and the effects are observed to be stable and accumulated over the period of observation
Summary
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths among men and second among women worldwide [1]. The 5-year survival rates are very low, ranging from 15.6% in the USA to as low as 8.9% in Europe, China, and developing countries [1]. Lung cancer is histologically categorized as small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Arising from epithelial cells [2] NSCLC accounts for 80–85% of all cases. Common types of treatment methods include surgery, radiotherapy [3], and chemotherapy. Most conventional treatments to control tumor growth are often reported to give rise to many other detrimental side effects [4] due to cross reactions of chemotherapy drugs with healthy tissue and the use of ionizing radiations in radiotherapy. Post-treatment supportive care after chemotherapy is reported to go only so far as to improve survival rates very slightly [5]. The development of new and innovative therapies allowing efficient
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