Morpho-physiological responses of cowpea leaves to salt stress

Abstract

The effect of salt stress of known intensity and duration on morpho-physiological changes in leaves of different ages from cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] plants was studied, aiming for a better understanding of the acclimation process of the whole-plant. Seeds were sown in vermiculite and seedlings were transferred to plastic trays containing aerated nutrient solution, and kept in a greenhouse. When the first trifoliate leaf emerged the seedlings were transplanted into 3 L plastic pots containing aerated nutrient solution. Salt additions started 5 d later, and the salt-treated plants received 25 mmol L-1 per day until reaching a final concentration of 75 mmol L-1. During the experimental period primary leaves and the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trifoliate leaves were used for measurements of net photosynthesis, leaf area, leaf succulence, specific leaf mass, ions and chlorophyll concentrations. Growth analysis of the whole-plant was performed at the end of the experimental period. Salinity did not affect net photosynthesis, but reduced dry mass production and the number of lateral branches. Leaf concentrations of Na+, Cl-, K+ and P increased in salt-stressed plants, but these responses were dependent upon stress duration and leaf age. The higher concentration of potentially toxic ions (Na+ and Cl-) in older leaves could contribute to the reduced ion accumulation in growing tissues, but the tendency of K and P accumulation in leaves appeared to be the result of reduced re-translocation, i.e., not related to plant acclimation. Salinity also increased the source/sink ratio, leaf succulence, specific leaf mass, and chlorophyll accumulation per unit of leaf area, suggesting that the observed changes could be part of an integrated mechanism of whole-plant acclimation to salt stress.