Abstract
For some time the cement industry has been seeking procedures to effectively lower the higher energy costs involved in cement manufacture. Timahdit oil shale and Jerada coal waste could potentially be used as alternative raw materials to produce clinker. This study explored the possibility of applying those materials to a greener use, based on the reactivity and burnability of raw mixes containing Moroccan oil shale and coal waste. The findings showed that, irrespective of particle size, oil shale mixes delivered higher reactivity than coal waste materials, although reactivity was highest in the oil shale clinker with a particle size < 45 μm. The clinkers bearing oil shale with a particle size < 90 μm or a blend of oil shale and coal waste with a size < 45 μm contained higher proportions of alite ( > 70 %).
Highlights
For some time the cement industry has been seeking procedures to effectively lower the higher energy costs involved in cement manufacture
The reactivity and burnability of raw mixes prepared with bituminosa de Timahdit (BOS), CW, limestone and laboratory grade Fe2O3 were compared to assess the viability of using oil shale and coal waste as raw materials in portland clinker
The Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)/TG curves for the raw mixes reproduced in Figures 1, 2 and 3 show the temperatures and signal intensities used to compare the reactivity of the raw mixes
Summary
The materials used in this study were collected from the Timahdit shale bed, characterised by four lithological zones (T, Y, X and M), and the coal waste (CW) stockpiled at Jerada. The reactivity and burnability of raw mixes prepared with BOS, CW, limestone and laboratory grade Fe2O3 were compared to assess the viability of using oil shale and coal waste as raw materials in portland clinker. Moroccan oil shale and coal waste as alternative raw materials in Portland cement clinker manufacture 3. Mineralogical composition was determined by XRD and FTIR and clinker morphology was analysed under an optical microscope, whilst the phases were identified with SEM/EDX. Rietveld refinement was used to quantify the crystalline phases identified by XRD
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