Abstract
Simple SummaryThis study found that moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaves’ water extract triggered phenoloxidase activity, phagocytic rate, and superoxide anion production in whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) hemocytes by an in vitro assay. By an in vivo assay, a dietary moringa extract enhanced the total hemocyte count, phenoloxidase activity, phagocytic rate, immune-related gene expressions, and growth performance of the whiteleg shrimp. The administration of dietary moringa extract increased the survival rate after challenging the whiteleg shrimp with Vibrio alginolyticus.Moringa is widely known as a plant with high medicinal properties. Therefore, moringa has a high potential for use as an immunostimulant in shrimp. This study investigated the effect of a moringa water extract on the immune response, resistance against V. alginolyticus, and growth performance of whiteleg shrimp. To perform the in vitro assay, hemocytes were incubated with different concentrations of the moringa extract. Furthermore, the moringa extract was incorporated at 0 (control), 1.25 g (ME1.25), 2.5 g (ME2.5), and 5.0 g (ME5.0) per kg of diet for the in vivo assay. During the rearing period, immune responses, namely the total hemocyte count (THC), phenoloxidase (PO) activity, phagocytosis activity, superoxide anion production, and immune-related gene expression were examined on days 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 21, and 28. Growth performance was measured 60 days after the feeding period. Furthermore, the shrimp were challenged with V. alginolyticus after being fed for different feeding durations. The results of the in vitro assay revealed that 100–250 ppm of the moringa extract enhanced the PO activity, phagocytic rate (PR), and superoxide anion production. The findings of the in vivo assay demonstrated that the THC, PO activity, PR, and immune-related gene expression, including alpha-2-macroglobulin, prophenoloxidase II, penaeidin2, penaeidin3, anti-lipopolysaccharide factor, crustin, lysozyme, superoxide dismutase, and clotting protein, were higher in the group of ME.25 and ME5.0 than in the control and ME1.25 at several time points. Growth performance was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the ME2.5 group compared to the control group. Furthermore, the dietary ME2.5 resulted in a higher survival rate compared to that of the control group after challenging with V. alginolyticus, especially at ME2.5 administered for 4 and 7 days. This study indicated that the incorporation of the moringa extract at 2.5 g per kg of diet enhanced the immune response, the growth performance of the whiteleg shrimp, and the resistance against V. alginolyticus infection.
Highlights
IntroductionShrimp live under various stress conditions, related to the high stocking density and poor water quality, making them highly susceptible to diseases such as vibriosis [2,3]
The intensification in shrimp farming has been associated with disease outbreaks [1].Shrimp live under various stress conditions, related to the high stocking density and poor water quality, making them highly susceptible to diseases such as vibriosis [2,3]
Moringa is a good source of fibers, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and lipids [9]
Summary
Shrimp live under various stress conditions, related to the high stocking density and poor water quality, making them highly susceptible to diseases such as vibriosis [2,3]. Their susceptibility to Vibrio alginolyticus may increase when the water quality is not suitable for [4,5,6], resulting in high mortality and, considerable economic losses in aquaculture. To maintain the shrimp’s health during the grow-out period, aquaculturists have developed a cost-effective healthy diet by using immunostimulants. Moringa possesses many pharmacological properties, such as anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antifungal, and antibacterial properties associated with the presence of bioactive compounds, including phenolic acid and flavonoids [10,11,12]
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