Abstract
In recent years there has been a growing archaeological interest in the emergence of social complexity in the Upper Amazon, resulting in a number of new investigations within the region. These investigations have not only documented the existence of complex cultural developments within the upper Amazon but have provided alternative approaches for understanding of the emergence of social complexity. This work examines recent research within the Upano Valley in the Upper Amazon of Ecuador, which present a model of complex social organization and the emergence of ancient urbanism based on systematic landscaping strategies. Between 400 BC and AD 400, the Upano culture would construct highly organized, and densely occupied settlements and earthworks that would result in the dramatic modification of the Upano River Valley landscape. This chapter discuss the tangible effects of the landscape modification in the Upper Amazonian cultural developments of pre-Columbian Ecuador.
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