Monomeric and oligomeric amyloid-β cause distinct Alzheimer's disease pathophysiological characteristics in astrocytes in human glymphatics-on-chip models.

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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is marked by the aggregation of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) and astrocyte dysfunction. For Aβ oligomers or aggregates to be formed, there must be Aβ monomers present; however, the roles of monomeric Aβ (mAβ) and oligomeric Aβ (oAβ) in astrocyte pathogenesis are poorly understood. We cultured astrocytes in a brain-mimicking three-dimensional (3D) extracellular matrix and revealed that both mAβ and oAβ caused astrocytic atrophy and hyper-reactivity, but showed distinct Ca2+ changes in astrocytes. This 3D culture evolved into a microfluidic glymphatics-on-chip model containing astrocytes and endothelial cells with the interstitial fluid (ISF). The glymphatics-on-chip model not only reproduced the astrocytic atrophy, hyper-reactivity, and Ca2+ changes induced by mAβ and oAβ, but recapitulated that the components of the dystrophin-associated complex (DAC) and aquaporin-4 (AQP4) were properly maintained by the ISF, and dysregulated by mAβ and oAβ. Collectively, mAβ and oAβ cause distinct AD pathophysiological characteristics in the astrocytes.