Abstract
MCP-1/CCL2 plays an important role in the initiation and progression of cancer. Since tumor cells produce MCP-1, they are considered to be the main source of this chemokine. Here, we examined whether MCP-1 produced by non-tumor cells affects the growth and lung metastasis of 4T1 breast cancer cells by transplanting them into the mammary pad of WT or MCP-1−/− mice. Primary tumors at the injected site grew similarly in both mice; however, lung metastases were markedly reduced in MCP-1−/− mice, with significantly longer mouse survival. High levels of MCP-1 mRNA were detected in tumors growing in WT, but not MCP-1−/− mice. Serum MCP-1 levels were increased in tumor-bearing WT, but not MCP-1−/− mice. Transplantation of MCP-1−/− bone marrow cells into WT mice did not alter the incidence of lung metastasis, whereas transplantation of WT bone marrow cells into MCP-1−/− mice increased lung metastasis. The primary tumors of MCP-1−/− mice consistently developed necrosis earlier than those of WT mice and showed decreased infiltration by macrophages and reduced angiogenesis. Interestingly, 4T1 cells that metastasized to the lung constitutively expressed elevated levels of MCP-1, and intravenous injection of 4T1 cells producing a high level of MCP-1 resulted in increased tumor foci in the lung of WT and MCP-1−/− mice. Thus, stromal cell-derived MCP-1 in the primary tumors promotes lung metastasis of 4T1 cells, but tumor cell-derived MCP-1 can also contribute once tumor cells enter the circulation. A greater understanding of the source and role of this chemokine may lead to novel strategies for cancer treatment.
Highlights
Leukocytes infiltrate a number of human and mouse cancers [1,2]
Cells were stained by monoclonal antibodies against mouse CD45 labeled by PECy5.5 (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA), CD11b labeled by PE, Ly6G labeled by FITC, F4/80 labeled by FITC, or CD206 labeled by APC (BioLegend), and the expression of each molecule was analyzed using a FACScan flow cytometer (BD Biosciences)
Elevated Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) production by 4T1 cells has no effect on their lung metastasis but supports their seeding and growth in the lung To examine the cellular source of MCP-1 at the metastatic site, we evaluated the expression of MCP-1 in the lung of tumorbearing WT and MCP-12/2 mice
Summary
Leukocytes infiltrate a number of human and mouse cancers [1,2]. The composition of tumor infiltrating leukocytes and the role they play may vary in each tumor, they are generally immunosuppressive and provide a microenvironment that favors tumor growth. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)/CCL2 is a chemokine with potent monocyte chemotactic activity. It was initially purified from the culture supernatant of a human malignant glioma [3] and a monocytic leukemic cell line [4], and was later demonstrated to be identical to the previously described tumor cell-derived chemotactic factor [5]; tumor cells are a source of MCP-1. MCP-1 is a candidate molecular target of cancer treatment [17]
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