Abstract
Shale oil/gas extraction has expanded rapidly in the last two decades due to the rising energy prices and the advancement of technologies. Its development can have huge impacts on and, at the same time, is also deeply affected by energy markets, especially in an era with high economic uncertainty. Understanding and monitoring shale oil/gas development over large regions are critical for both energy policies and environmental protection. However, there are currently no applicable methods to track the spatio-temporal dynamics of shale oil/gas development. To fill this gap, we propose a new NDVI Trajectroy Matching algorithm to track shale oil/gas development using the annual Landsat NDVI composite time series from 2000 to 2020. The results reveal that our algorithm can accurately extract the location and time of shale oil/gas exploitation in Eagle Ford and Three Forks, with an accuracy of 83.80% and 81.40%, respectively. In the Eagle Ford area, accuracy for all disturbance year detection was greater than 66.67%, with the best in 2011 and 2019 at 90.00%. The lowest accuracy in the Three Forks area was 63.33% in 2002, while the highest accuracy was 93.33% in 2019. In conclusion, the algorithm can effectively track shale oil/gas development with considerable accuracy and simplicity. We believe that the algorithm has enormous potential for other applications, such as built-up regions, forests, farmlands, and water body expansion and contraction involving vegetation damage.
Highlights
In 2020, the Financial Times reported that oil prices in the United States crashed into the negative territory for the first time in history as the evaporation of demand caused by COVID-19 left the world awash with oil and short of storage [1]
We focus on developing a method to pinpoint shale oil/gas platform construction location and time over large regions, with the 30 m resolution Landsat time series
Due to the complexity and diversity of landscapes, we discovered that calculating the location and built year of a shale oil/gas well platform directly through template matching will result in a significant false alarm rate
Summary
In 2020, the Financial Times reported that oil prices in the United States crashed into the negative territory for the first time in history as the evaporation of demand caused by COVID-19 left the world awash with oil and short of storage [1]. Energy has become a material guarantee for the survival and development of human society [2]. It is an essential foundation for maintaining lighting, transportation, catering, heating, cooling, and automated management systems [3,4]. Energy is the most fundamental driving force for national development and economic growth [5,6]. After more than two decades of development, the shale gas revolution, which began in the 1990s, has changed the pattern of energy use in the United States and around the world [8]. Thereby, obtaining datasets of shale oil/gas well platforms is the basis for analyzing energy developments in the United States, especially in current special epidemic period
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