Monitoring the development of thermoregulation in poultry embryos and its influence by incubation temperature

Abstract

The general purpose of this review is to show the stage of the development of peripheral and central nervous thermoregulatory mechanisms in poultry embryos at the end of incubation, and the impact of long-term changes in incubation temperature. Methods are described which (a) allow continuous measurement of peripheral thermoregulatory mechanisms simultaneously with the body temperature of the embryo, and (b) can be used for identification of changes in the sensitivity of the central controller of body temperature during the development as well as after prenatal temperature experiences. Further, a method for characterisation of ‘critical periods’ in the development of the respective body function is introduced. The results of our investigations were discussed in relation to the following general rules: (a) The development of peripheral and central nervous thermoregulatory mechanisms begins in the course of the prenatal ontogeny. At the end of incubation poultry embryos have all the prerequisites to react to changes in incubation temperature. Regarding the peripheral thermoregulatory mechanisms the most sensitive parameter for characterization of the developmental level of embryonic thermoregulation is the deep body temperature. (b) Functional systems of the organism develop from open loop system without feedback control into closed system controlled by feedback mechanism. Acute changes in the environmental conditions (e.g. incubation temperature) induce as a rule, initially uncoordinated and immediately non-adaptive reactions. Later the uncoordinated (immediately non-adaptive) reactions change into coordinated (adaptive) reactions, probably with closing of the regulatory system (‘critical period’). Environmental manipulation of immature physiological mechanisms could be used for characterization of ‘critical periods’ of the respective system. Monitoring of changes in the reactions of thermoregulatory mechanisms on the applied changes in incubation temperature during different perinatal time windows could help to limit ‘critical periods’ in the development of the thermoregulatory system. (c) During this ‘critical periods’, the actual environment modulates the development of the respective physiological control systems for the entire life period. Perinatal epigenetic temperature adaptation could be a tool to adapt poultry embryos or hatchlings to later climatic conditions. For detection of immediate and long-term effects of perinatal epigenetic temperature adaptation (‘imprinting’ of the thermoregulatory system) recordings of changes in neuronal hypothalamic thermosensitivity as well as in neuronal response on temperature stress are useful and have to be verified by identification of the respective effector genes and epigenetic changes in its expression.