Monitoring Metabolite Production of Aflatoxin Biosynthesis by Orbitrap Fusion Mass Spectrometry and a D-Optimal Mixture Design Method

Abstract

Aflatoxins, highly toxic and carcinogenic to humans, are synthesized via multiple intermediates by a complex pathway in several Aspergilli, including Aspergillus flavus. Few analytical methods are available for monitoring the changes in metabolite profiles of the aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway under different growth and environmental conditions. In the present study, we developed by a D-optimal mixture design a solvent system, methanol/dichloromethane/ethyl acetate/formic acid (0.36/0.31/0.32/0.01), that was suitable for extracting the pathway metabolites. The matrix effect from dilution of cell extracts was negligible. To facilitate the identification of these metabolites, we constructed a fragmentation ion library. We further employed liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectroscopy (UHPLC-HRMS) for simultaneous quantification of the metabolites. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 0.002-0.016 and 0.008-0.05 μg/kg, respectively. The spiked recovery rates ranged from 81.3 to 100.3% with intraday and interday precision less than 7.6%. Using the method developed to investigate the time-course aflatoxin biosynthesis, we found that precursors, including several possible toxins (with a carcinogenic group similar to aflatoxin B1), occurred together with aflatoxin, and that production increased rapidly at the early growth stage, peaked on day four, and then decreased substantially. The maximum production of aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin B2 occurred 1 day later. Moreover, the dominant branch pathway was the one for aflatoxin B1 formation. We revealed that the antiaflatoxigenicity mechanism of Leclercia adecarboxylata WT16 was associated with a factor upstream of the aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway. The design strategies can be applied to characterize or detect other secondary metabolites to provide a snapshot of the dynamic changes during their biosynthesis.