Abstract
The goal of this work is to create highly sensitive and selective electrochemical sensors that can detect lactate, an essential substance in the body's anaerobic breakdown of carbohydrates, by utilizing lactate oxidase (LOx) and glutaraldehyde (GA)-modified indium-doped zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods. Several structural investigations validated the effective immobilization of LOx and GA on the modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with indium-doped ZnO nanorods. Lactate was detected with the LOx-GA/In-doped ZnO biosensor, which showed linear range of 0.1–36 mM, sensitivity value of 0.73301 µA/mM, and quantification and detection limits of 2.7 μM and 0.8 μM, respectively. The biosensor also displayed stability, repeatability, and selectivity. The sensor demonstrated remarkable lactate recovery rates when applied to real serum and urine specimens from athletes. The serum samples ranged from 96.00% to 99.28% with a relative standard deviation (RSD%) of 3.77–4.25, and the urine samples from 94.00 to 98.58 with an RSD% of 3.55–4.62. These results point to the LOx-GA/In-doped ZnO/GCE sensor platform's potential for a range of biomedical uses.
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