Abstract
Benzo (a) pyrene content in plants and soils in anthropogenically polluted areas pollution was monitored. The influence of benzo (a) pyrene on conifers and deciduous plants was assessed. In forests with Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and silver birch (Betula pendula) trunks, the content of lignin, cellulose, and extractive low molecular weight polar substances was determined by the concentration of benzo (a) pyrene and tree species. In forest ecosystems, the background content of carcinogen (1–5 μg / kg) did not affect the content of lignin and cellulose, but stimulated the synthesis of extractive substances, especially in birch. For pine, there was a direct correlation between the concentration of benzo (a) pyrene in two -year-old needles and its peroxidase activity. An increase in the activity of oxidoreductases and their participation in the synthesis of phenolic, tannin and other organic (extractive) substances, depending on the concentration of benzo (a) pyrene, indicate its biostimulating properties. Various physiological and biochemical reactions in woody and herbaceous plants were analyzed depending on the concentration (dose) of benzo (a) pyrene in the composition of plants and in soils polluted by anthropogenic emissions. Opposite reactions of coniferous and leafy trees to benzo (a) pyrene were observed. On the basis of own and published data, the natural, intermediate transitional and technogenic ranges of benzo (a) pyrene concentrations have been identified; among which the effect on plants varies from stimulating to inhibitory.
Highlights
Extractive low molecular weight polar substances was determined by the concentration of benzo (a) pyrene and tree species
There was a direct correlation between the concentration of benzo (a) pyrene in two-year-old needles and its peroxidase activity
Various physiological and biochemical reactions in woody and herbaceous plants were analyzed depending on the concentration of benzo (a) pyrene in the composition of plants and in soils polluted by anthropogenic emissions
Summary
Появление гигантских клеток Угнетение клеточного деления, мутации, морфоаномалии Ингибирование роста биомассы корней Уменьшение длины гипокотиле и корня на 30–50% Снижение интенсивности фотосинтеза Ингибирование митотической активности, структурное и гистологические изменения корней. Третий – антропогенный (техногенный) ингибирующий или угнетающий диапазон высоких концентраций Б(а)П 10000–50000000 нг/дм, которые превышают растворимые в воде и ПДК в почве, характеризуются предельными накоплениями вещества в растении, ингибированием многих процессов роста, синтеза, фотосинтеза, генетическим и клеточным изменениям вплоть до угнетения и гибели растений. Стимулирование интенсивности физиолого-биохимических процессов при низких концентрациях Б(а)П в почве и растениях могут быть природными метаболическими или защитными реакциями растений на воздействия биофильных или техногенных ПАУ. Тополя (Populus sp.) и трав (подорожник Plantago media L.) с накоплением Б(а)П в растении или в почве преобладали стимулирование синтеза низкомолекулярных веществ, увеличения числа и массы, площади листьев растений. Систематизация полученных и литературных данных модельных и натурных исследований по фитоактивности Б(а)П на различные показатели древесных и травянистых растений выявила, что характер и интенсивность изменений зависят от концентрации (дозы) вещества.
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