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Abstract
The study was undertaken to assess the dosage-mortality ratio and toxic effects of Piper guineense fruit extracts on the adults of Biomphalaria pfeifferi, the snail intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni, which causes intestinal schistosomiasis. The result showed significant toxic effects with crude ethanol and hot water fruits extracts. The estimated lethal dose concentration by arithmetic method (LC(50) and LC(90)) using both crude ethanol and hot water fruit media extracts were found to be (0.10 ± 0.04, 0.9 ± 0.2) mgl(-1) respectively for ethanolic extract and (5.0 ± 1.4, 8.5 ± 0.7) mgl(-1) respectively for hot water extract. Ethanolic extract was more potent than hot water extract. An all or none phenomenon appeared characteristic of the biological activity of these extracts. There was significant decrease in oviposition rate (p < 0.02). The extract from the fruits of this tropical plant holds promise in the control of Biomphalaria pfeifferi.
Highlights
Well over 271 million people in the world today suffer from intestinal schistosomiasis, of which 168 million appear to be located in tropical Africa (Peters, 1978)
The mean and percentage survivors of the adults of B. pfeifferi subjected to different concentrations of hot water extract of fruits of P. guineense are shown in table 2
When the cause of death and reduced rate of oviposition were studied using ethanolic extract of the sub-lethal dose concentration (SLDC), it was observed that the tissues affected evidenced by the presence of extract, included digestive glands, liver, gonads and the shells which became brittle
Summary
Well over 271 million people in the world today suffer from intestinal schistosomiasis, of which 168 million appear to be located in tropical Africa (Peters, 1978). Problems like pest’s resurgence, resistance and hazard on non-target components of the biosphere (Ukwandu and Okara, 1996). Hughes (1962) and Ojo (1983) have reported some of these hazards from leaves and roots extracts on insects and environment. A thorough examination of some of the tissues of the target organism has revealed the physiological damage caused by the fruit extracts (Ukwandu, 1996). Piper is a large genus of plant with about 700 species distributed throughout tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world (Hutchinson and Dalziel, 1954; 1963). The species that have either pungent or aromatic smelling fruits find wide application in traditional medicine (Nagi and Molan, 1994)
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