Abstract
The review describes the development of batch solid phase extraction procedures based on dispersive (micro)solid phase extraction with molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and magnetic MIPs (MMIPs). Advantages and disadvantages of the various MIPs for dispersive solid phase extraction and dispersive (micro)solid phase extraction are discussed. In addition, an effort has also been made to condense the information regarding MMIPs since there are a great variety of supports (magnetite and magnetite composites with carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, or organic metal framework) and magnetite surface functionalization mechanisms for enhancing MIP synthesis, including reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Finally, drawbacks and future prospects for improving molecularly imprinted (micro)solid phase extraction (MIMSPE) are also appraised.
Highlights
During the last two decades the large development of analytical instrumentation, mainly the introduction of mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), has facilitated the determination of analytes in biological, food, and environmental samples at trace concentrations
The high sensitivity provided by the instrumentation and the direct injection/analysis of crude samples/extracts are not always possible, new sample preparation strategies are needed for potential interferences removal and analyte pre-concentration, for increasing the robustness and repeatability of measurements, for converting the analyte to a more suitable form for separation/detection, and for avoiding conventional multiple-step pre-treatment methods [1]
This review intends to provide a snapshot of current state-of-art use of molecularly imprinted (micro)solid phase extraction (MIMSPE) in sample preparation, describing several batch MIMSPE approaches such as membrane-protected molecularly imprinted polymers and dispersivesolid phase extraction with magnetic Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and non-magnetic MIPs
Summary
During the last two decades the large development of analytical instrumentation, mainly the introduction of mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), has facilitated the determination of analytes in biological, food, and environmental samples at trace concentrations. Synthesized MIPs are stable and show resistance to wide range of pH values, temperatures, and solvents and interact with target molecule in a selective way Due to their practical features, MIPs have been used as selective sorbents for (micro)solid extraction (μ-SPE) procedures leading to molecularly imprinted (micro)solid extraction (MIMSPE), which allows advanced miniaturized sample pre-treatments for green procedures in Analytical Chemistry. This review intends to provide a snapshot of current state-of-art use of MIMSPE in sample preparation, describing several batch MIMSPE approaches such as membrane-protected molecularly imprinted polymers and dispersive (micro)solid phase extraction with magnetic MIPs and non-magnetic MIPs. In addition to several reviews regarding MIPs [2,3,4] and magnetic MIPs [5] as selective adsorbents for SPE, some other published reviews have focused on the applications of MIP-based adsorbents for drug analysis [6], for assessing pollutants, and in food [7] and environmental samples [7,8].
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