Molecular xenomonitoring of diurnally subperiodic Wuchereria bancrofti infection in Aedes (Downsiomyia) niveus (Ludlow, 1903) after nine rounds of Mass Drug Administration in Nancowry Islands, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India.

Addepalli Premkumar,Swaminathan Subramanian,Venkatesan Vasuki,Paluru Vijayachari,Ananganallur Nagarajan Shriram,Kaliannagounder Krishnamoorthy,Purushothaman Jambulingam,Audrey Lenhart

doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0008763

Abstract

A group of four human inhabited Nancowry Islands in Nicobar district in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India having a population of 7674 is the lone focus of diurnally sub-periodic Wuchereria bancrofti (DspWB) that is transmitted by Aedes niveus (Ludlow). Microfilaria (Mf) prevalence was above 1% even after nine rounds of Mass Drug Administration (MDA) with DEC and albendazole. Molecular xenomonitoring (MX) was conducted to identify appropriate vector sampling method and assess the impact. BioGents Sentinel traps, gravid traps and human baited double bed nettraps were used in three locations in each village to collect Aedes niveus female mosquitoes. Subsequently daytime man landing collections (MLC) were carried out in all the 25 villages in the islands. Collections were compared in terms of the number of vector mosquitoes captured per trap collection. Females of Ae. niveus were pooled, dried and processed for detecting filarial parasite DNA using RT-PCR assay. Vector infection rate was estimated using PoolScreen software. Only 393 female mosquitoes including 44 Ae. niveus (11.2%) were collected from 459 trap collections using three trapping devices. From 151 MLCs, 2170 Ae. niveus female mosquitoes were collected. The average prevalence of W. bancrofti DNA was 0.43%. Estimated upper 95% CI exceeded the provisional prevalence threshold of 0.1% in all the villages, indicating continued transmission as observed in Mf survey. MLCs could be the choice, for now, to sample Ae. niveus mosquitoes. The PCR assay used in MX for nocturnally periodic bancroftian filariasis could be adopted for DspWB. The vector-parasite MX, can be used to evaluate interventions in this area after further standardization of the protocol.

Highlights

Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is endemic in 72 countries where about 1.39 billion people are at the risk of acquiring infection
The number of traps used varied between the settings and villages and the difference was due to the availability of suitable spots in the respective settings
The numbers of female mosquito species collected from Biogent Sentinel (BGS), gravid traps (GT) and human baited double bed net-trap (HBDNT) and from man landing collections (MLC) are depicted in the Fig 3

Summary

Author summary

Lymphatic filariasis (LF), caused by nematode parasite–Wuchereria bancrofti, is prevalent in 72 countries with about 1.39 billion people facing the risk of infection. A physiological variant of the parasite, the diurnally sub-periodic Wb (DspWb) is confined to a small pocket of four remotely located isles, in Nicobar district in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The parasite is transmitted by a day-biting and forest dwelling mosquito, Aedes niveus. Even after 9 rounds of Mass Drug Administration under the National Programme for LF elimination, microfilaria prevalence was above transmission threshold level (1%), indicating continued transmission. We studied filarial infection in Ae. niveus using molecular xenomonitoring (MX). The prevalence filarial infection in mosquitoes assessed by molecular assay was above the provisional threshold level (

Introduction

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Discussion

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