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Abstract
Salt stress is considered to be the most severe abiotic stress. High soil salinity leads to osmotic and ionic toxicity, resulting in reduced plant growth and crop production. The role of G-proteins during salt stresses is well established. AGB1, a G-protein subunit, not only plays an important role during regulation of Na+ fluxes in roots, but is also involved in the translocation of Na+ from roots to shoots. N-Myc Downregulated like 1 (NDL1) is an interacting partner of G protein βγ subunits and C-4 domain of RGS1 in Arabidopsis. Our recent in-planta expression analysis of NDL1 reported changes in patterns during salt stress. Based on these expression profiles, we have carried out functional characterization of the AGB1-NDL1 module during salinity stress. Using various available mutant and overexpression lines of NDL1 and AGB1, we found that NDL1 acts as a negative regulator during salt stress response at the seedling stage, an opposite response to that of AGB1. On the other hand, during the germination phase of the plant, this role is reversed, indicating developmental and tissue specific regulation. To elucidate the mechanism of the AGB1-NDL1 module, we investigated the possible role of the three NDL1 stress specific interactors, namely ANNAT1, SLT1, and IDH-V, using yeast as a model. The present study revealed that NDL1 acts as a modulator of salt stress response, wherein it can have both positive as well as negative functions during salinity stress. Our findings suggest that the NDL1 mediated stress response depends on its developmental stage-specific expression patterns as well as the differential presence and interaction of the stress-specific interactors.
Highlights
Soil salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that affect plant growth, development, and productivity
Our study suggests a clear dichotomy in N-Myc Downregulated like 1 (NDL1) function during salinity induced stress response wherein it aids in withstanding salt stress during the early germinative stage but switches to negatively impacting stress response at vegetative stage
We found that absence of NDL1 which has established phenotype of slightly reduced rosette diameter, compared to Col-0, resulted in healthier growth of the 15-day-old seedlings on 125 mM NaCl in comparison to wild-type Col-0 control (Figure 1A). ndl1-2 showed significantly larger rosette diameter (5.16 ± 1.2 mm), compared to Col-0 (3.3 ± 0.3 mm) a phenotype similar to rgs1-2 and opposite compared to agb1-2
Summary
Soil salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that affect plant growth, development, and productivity. Understanding Na+ sensing and signaling is important for development of salt (NaCl) tolerant crops. The phenomenon of salt stress tolerance has been studied throughout the years, yet the molecular understanding remains imprecise. One of the favorably discussed pathways during salt stress signaling is the salt overlay sensitive (SOS) pathway [1]. Transient increase of Ca2+ is sensed via SOS3, a cytosolic Ca2+ binding protein [2]. SOS3 interacts and activates SOS2 forming SOS2/SOS3 kinase complex [3]. Phosphorylation of SOS2/SOS3 kinase complex is followed by activation of SOS1 (Na+/H+) antiporter that reinstates ionic homeostasis [4]. The role of plasma membrane during salt stress signaling is still elusive [5,6]
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