Molecular Characterization of Coxsackievirus A24v from Feces and Conjunctiva Reveals Epidemiological Links.

Magilé C Fonseca,Mario Pupo-Meriño,Luis Sarmiento,Sonia Resik,Heléne Norder,Luis A García-González,Mayra Muné

doi:10.3390/microorganisms9030531

Abstract

Coxsackievirus A24 variant (CVA24v), the main causative agent of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC), can be isolated from both the eyes and lower alimentary tract. However, the molecular features of CVA24v in feces is not well-documented. In this study, we compared the VP1 and 3C sequences of CVA24v strains isolated from feces during AHC epidemics in Cuba in 1997, 2003, and 2008–2009 with those obtained from conjunctival swabs during the same epidemic period. The sequence analyses of the 3C and VP1 region of stool isolates from the three epidemics showed a high degree of nucleotide identity (ranging from 97.3–100%) to the corresponding conjunctival isolates. The phylogenetic analysis showed that fecal CVA24v isolates from the 1997 and 2003 Cuban outbreaks formed a clade with CVA24v strains isolated from conjunctival swabs in Cuba and other countries during the same period. There were three amino acid changes (3C region) and one amino acid change (VP1 region) in seven CVA24v strains isolated sequentially over 20 days from fecal samples of one patient, suggesting viral replication in the intestine. Despite these substitutions, the virus from the conjunctival swab and fecal samples were genetically very similar. Therefore, fecal samples should be considered as a reliable alternative sample type for the routine molecular diagnosis and molecular epidemiology of CVA24v, also during outbreaks of AHC.

Highlights

IntroductionCoxsackievirus A24 variant (CVA24v) is a major etiological agent of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC), which is an epidemic form of a highly contagious ocular disease [1,2]
The sequences obtained from the 3C (n = 16) and VP1 region (n = 14) in 16 Coxsackievirus A24 variant (CVA24v) stool isolates from the 1997 acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) epidemic (Table S1) showed a high degree of nucleotide identity with the 3C (n = 25) and VP1 (n = 22) sequences (Table 1)
Seven CVA24v strains that were sequentially isolated over 20 days from the feces of the same individual (Figure S1) shared 99.3–100% and 99.8–100% nucleotide identity in the 3C and VP1 coding regions, respectively

Summary

Introduction

Coxsackievirus A24 variant (CVA24v) is a major etiological agent of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC), which is an epidemic form of a highly contagious ocular disease [1,2]. CVA24v was first isolated in 1970 during an epidemic of AHC in Singapore and classified as a member of the genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae. While CVA24v is transmitted primarily by hand-to-eye-to-hand contact, it is believed that CVA24v could be transmitted via the fecal–oral routes, as with other enteroviruses. This alternative mode of transmission is thought to play a role in Microorganisms 2021, 9, 531.

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Results

Conclusion