Molecular Characterization and Antibiogram Profiling of Multidrug Resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus Isolated from Patients with Urinary Tract Infection in Bangladesh

Abstract

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in human is a potential global public health concern. Profiling of antibiotic-resistant bacteria with their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns from Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) is crucial to guide antibiotic therapy. Herein we report a detailed bacteriological and molecular analysis of Staphylococcus haemolyticus and their antibiogram typing from UTIs. A total of 100 human urine samples of patients with UTIs were collected between January and December 2019 and were subjected to the conventional characterization of bacteria using the standard protocol. Molecular characterization was performed via sequencing followed by phylogenetic analysis. All bacterial strains were examined against thirteen commonly used antibiotics for susceptibility using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The overall prevalence of S. haemolyticus in UTI was 26% with female patients having a higher prevalence of UTI (21 out of 26 or 80.76%) than male patients (5 out of 26 or 19.24%). The isolated S. haemolyticus showed 100%, 100%, 88.46%%, 76.93%, 73.08% and 65.39% resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline, respectively. Importantly, S. haemolyticus demonstrated the highest sensitivity to vancomycin (100%), followed by azithromycin (80.76%), amikacin (84.61%), gentamycin (69.23%), levofloxacin (73.08%), ceftriaxone (80.76%) and doxycycline (61.54%). Overall, six variations were noted in S. haemolyticus in which most (5/6) modifications were substitutions and one (1/6) was deletion. These findings imply that mutations in the 16S rRNA gene sequence are the dominant source for species identification and variation in the drug sensitivity pattern against the S. haemolyticus. Phylogenetic analysis of the resultant 16S rRNA indicated that the isolated S. haemolyticus in this study belonged to genus Staphylococcus, but was different from the rest of the available S. haemolyticus isolates in other countries. Multidrug-resistant pathogenic S. hemolyticus is commonly found in urine samples of UTI in human in Bangladesh, which warrants a one-health approach for controlling this emerging ailment.