Abstract
Frequent pandemic alerts were raised by the World Health Organization in response to newly emerging influenza strains. This minireview highlights the dynamic alterations in the viral adaptability resulted from antigenic drift and reassortment that enable flu virus to escape recognition by the host immune system and neutralization by antibodies produced in preceding infections or vaccinations.
Highlights
Influenza is a serious disease that causes outrageous morbidity and mortality in every year with its great impact on either extreme of the age range [1]
Dynamic alterations in the viral adaptability resulted from antigenic drift and functional mutations in the surface proteins may lead to possible emergence in production of more virulent strains [13]
Antigenic reassortment and variations of influenza A viruses are evolved by genomic mutations that occur in the transmembrane protein HA1, triggering the viral capability to avoid neutralization by antibodies produced in preceding infections or vaccinations
Summary
Influenza is a serious disease that causes outrageous morbidity and mortality in every year with its great impact on either extreme of the age range [1]. In 1997, H5N1, a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, gave rise to its first human infection in Hong Kong [3] and the fatality rate reached 53% in reports of 2003 [4]. In April 2009, a high pandemic alert was raised by the World Health Organization after a new swine-origin influenza (H1N1) emerged in Mexico and the United States that quickly spread via human-to-human transmission to 30 countries and more or less 208 countries reported this swine flu by December of the same year [5,6]. Sixteen HA (H1 to H16) and 9 NA (N1 to N9) subtypes have been identified in wild aquatic birds in the last century Detection of this virus in new species highlights a raised prospect for cross-species transmission [7]
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