Abstract
The formation of adventitious roots (ARs) is an ecologically and economically important developmental process in plants. The evolution of AR systems is an important way for plants to cope with various environmental stresses. This review focuses on identified genes that have known to regulate the induction and initiation of ARs and offers an analysis of this process at the molecular level. The critical genes involved in adventitious rooting are the auxin signaling-responsive genes, including the AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR (ARF) and the LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES-DOMAIN (LOB) gene families, and genes associated with auxin transport and homeostasis, the quiescent center (QC) maintenance, and the root apical meristem (RAM) initiation. Several genes involved in cell wall modulation are also known to be involved in the regulation of adventitious rooting. Furthermore, the molecular processes that play roles in the ethylene, cytokinin, and jasmonic acid signaling pathways and their crosstalk modulate the generation of ARs. The crosstalk and interaction among many molecular processes generates complex networks that regulate AR generation.
Highlights
Specialty section: This article was submitted to Plant Development and EvoDevo, a section of the journal Frontiers in Plant ScienceReceived: 05 October 2020 Accepted: 08 January 2021 Published: 28 January 2021Citation: Li S-W (2021) Molecular Bases for the Regulation of AdventitiousRoot Generation in Plants
A member of flavin monooxygenase family involved in auxin biosynthesis Anthranilate synthase alpha and beta subunits, tryptophan pathway of auxin biosynthesis Cytochrome P450 Cyp83B1, involved in the indole glucosinolate pathway and regulates endogenous auxin levels indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-amino synthetase, controls auxin homeostasis miRNA-binding proteins, regulate post-transcriptional gene silencing and adventitious roots (ARs) formation Mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase E1a-subunit, IAA homeostasis 2-oxoacid-dependent dioxygenase family protein, involves in hormone homeostasis Targets PagIAA28 to regulate AR primordia emergence Auxin efflux carrier, regulates auxin-dependent AR emergence Auxin influx carrier
LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES-DOMAIN (LOB) domain auxin-responsive factor, cell dedifferentiation Involves in ethylene signaling, affects AR formation Binds to the promoters of AP2/ERFs resulting in attenuation of root induction by reducing auxin accumulation ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 (AS2)/LOB domain proteins, regulates crown root formation Zinc finger transcription factor, regulates early stages of AR development Regulates AR via expression of IAA4-1/2 gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, involved in initiation and maintenance of cell division AP2/ERF family, maintains meristematic or division-competent states AP2/EREBP subfamily, promotes stem cell identity and maintenance, mitotic activity, and cell differentiation
Summary
The formation of adventitious roots (ARs) is an ecologically and economically important developmental process in plants. This review focuses on identified genes that have known to regulate the induction and initiation of ARs and offers an analysis of this process at the molecular level. The critical genes involved in adventitious rooting are the auxin signaling-responsive genes, including the AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR (ARF) and the LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES-DOMAIN (LOB) gene families, and genes associated with auxin transport and homeostasis, the quiescent center (QC) maintenance, and the root apical meristem (RAM) initiation. Several genes involved in cell wall modulation are known to be involved in the regulation of adventitious rooting. The molecular processes that play roles in the ethylene, cytokinin, and jasmonic acid signaling pathways and their crosstalk modulate the generation of ARs. The crosstalk and interaction among many molecular processes generates complex networks that regulate AR generation
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