Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an extremely contagious viral disease affects all cloven- hoofed animals. The present study aimed to investigate the epidemiological situation of FMD in Egypt during 2017 and 2018, based on antigenic and genetic characterizations of FMD virus (FMDV). Thirty oral epithelia were collected from vaccinated animals (14 native cattle and 16 water buffaloes) showed clinical signs of FMD in four Egyptian governorates having outbreaks. In all collected samples the antigen detection was performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while the genetic characterization was done by using conventional reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were constructed for genetic characterization. The obtained results of FMDV antigen detection ELISA indicated that 50% of the examined samples were positive for FMDV and serotyped as serotype O 40%, serotype SAT2 33% and serotype A 27% respectively. RT-PCR confirmed the results of FMDV antigen detection by ELISA. Six amplicons were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed for viral protein 1 (VP1) of FMD. Results demonstrated that genotype O was related to East Africa-3 (EA-3) topotype with 12.7% difference from vaccine strain O-IRN-8-2005-Pan-Asia-2. Furthermore, genotype A clustered into Asia topotype with 6% difference from vaccine strain A-IRN-1-2005. Meanwhile genotype SAT2 in 2018 was related to VII topotype but it was in close relation with strains isolated from Libya in 2012 with 94.3% amino acid identity that differ from the previously circulated SAT2 since 2012 and recorded recently in Egypt. The presented results confirmed the circulation of a new topotype of serotype SAT2.
Highlights
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is the most important transboundary animal disease, distributed globally and recorded in domestic and wild animals with cloven hoofs; it affects severely the productivity of livestock, causing great economic losses
In all collected samples the antigen detection was performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while the genetic characterization was done by using conventional reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were constructed for genetic characterization
Cattle and buffalo were vaccinated by Vet authorities using oil-adjuvant trivalent vaccine containing O-IRN-8-2005-Pan-Asia-2, A-IRN-1-2005, and EGY/H1Ghb/2012 of FMD virus (FMDV) serotypes O, A and SAT2 respectively produced by Vet Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI), Cairo, Egypt
Summary
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is the most important transboundary animal disease, distributed globally and recorded in domestic and wild animals with cloven hoofs; it affects severely the productivity of livestock, causing great economic losses. The epidemiological information of FMD in Egypt revealed that FMD is endemic and outbreaks of FMDV serotypes O, A and SAT2 have been recorded at all Egyptian governorates (2). Historical background of FMD in Egypt started since 1950 when outbreak of serotype SAT2 was recorded. Despite of disappearance of serotype SAT2, it reinvaded several governorates in the country in 2012, after 62 years of absence causing massive losses among infected animals (3). Minor outbreaks related to FMDV serotype A started to appear in Egypt since 1953 but at the beginning of 2006, severe FMDV outbreak of serotype A causing severe economic losses has been reported; this could be related to the importation of live animals from African countries (9). Sequencing of viral gene expressing viral protein[1] (VP1) and construction of phylogenetic tree have been used to investigate the molecular epidemiology of FMDV and tracing the source of newly emerging strains (1)
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