Abstract
Currently, membrane separation techniques, such as reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration, play an important role in industrial separation technology. To develop high performance polymeric membranes, it is essential to design the molecular and morphological structures of the membranes for their specific applications. In the reverse osmosis field, we have developed several kinds of composite membranes for specific uses. Applications include ultrapure water production, seawater desalination, softening and desalination of brackish water, and recovery of valuable substances. In the course of development, thin-film composite membrane materials and membrane morphology have been analyzed intensively and are becoming clearer. These results enable us to control membrane performance by an optimum combination of membrane materials and membrane morphology. The morphological structure and chemical structure of the composite membranes were designed to optimize the performance of both the ultrathin layer and the supporting...
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