Abstract
The tribe Plantagineae (Lamiales) is a group of plants with worldwide distribution, notorious for its complicated taxonomy and still unresolved natural history. We describe the result of a broadly sampled phylogenetic study of tribe. The expanded sampling dataset is based on the trnL-F spacer, rbcL, and ITS2 markers across all three included genera (Aragoa, Littorella and Plantago) and makes this the most comprehensive study to date. The other dataset uses five markers and provides remarkably good resolution throughout the tree, including support for all of the major clades. In addition to the molecular phylogeny, a morphology database of 114 binary characters was assembled to provide comparison with the molecular phylogeny and to develop a means to assign species not sampled in the molecular analysis to their most closely related species that were sampled. Based on the molecular phylogeny and the assignment algorithm to place unsampled species, a key to sections is presented, and a revised classification of the tribe is provided. We also include the description of new species from North America.
Highlights
The tribe Plantagineae (Lamiales) consists of three diverse genera of plants: the worldwide distributed plantains (Plantago), the small aquatic Littorella, and a genus of northern Andean shrubs (Aragoa)
100% bootstrap and 100 BPP) topology (Aragoa, (Littorella, Plantago)) (Figure 1), typically with the longest branch leading to Aragoa
As our maximum parsimony (MP) trees generally do not differ from Bayesian (MB) trees, we hereafter present the results (Figures 1–5) based mostly on the second type of analysis
Summary
The tribe Plantagineae (Lamiales) consists of three diverse genera of plants: the worldwide distributed plantains (Plantago), the small aquatic Littorella, and a genus of northern Andean shrubs (Aragoa). This group is notorious for its complicated taxonomy, the difficulty of species identification, and an evolutionary trend of morphological reduction and simplification [1,2,3,4]. Plantains (ribworts), Plantago L., grow almost everywhere in the world, except for Antarctica and tropical wet forests [2,5] They bear an unusual combination of characters [6]: sympetalous 4-merous non-showy flowers developing into circumscissile capsule-like fruit (pyxidium), and monocot-like leaves with arcuate or parallel venation, usually borne in a rosette. Plantago likely underwent a rapid evolution [9]
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