Abstract
At different stages throughout their life cycle, plants often encounter several pathogenic microbes that challenge plant growth and development. The sophisticated innate plant immune system prevents the growth of harmful microbes via two interconnected defense strategies based on pathogen perception. These strategies involve microbe-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and microbial effector-triggered immunity. Both these immune responses induce several defense mechanisms for restricting pathogen attack to protect against pathogens and terminate their growth. Plants often develop immune memory after an exposure to pathogens, leading to systemic acquired resistance. Unlike that with harmful microbes, plants make friendly interactions with beneficial microbes for boosting their plant immune system. A spike in recent publications has further improved our understanding of the immune responses in plants as triggered by interactions with microbes. The present study reviews our current understanding of how plant–microbe interactions can activate the sophisticated plant immune system at the molecular level. We further discuss how plant-microbe interaction boost the immune system of plants by demonstrating the examples of Mycorrhizal and Rhizobial association and how these plant-microbe interactions can be exploited to engineer disease resistance and crop improvement.
Highlights
Plants encounter a wide range of microorganisms throughout their lifetime, and their interactions with these microorganisms can be either beneficial or deleterious, resulting in the establishment of mutualistic or pathogenic interactions, respectively (Thrall et al, 2007; Rodriguez et al, 2019)
NLR proteins are divided into two groups based on their N-terminal domain: coiled coil (CC)–NLRs and Toll-interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)–NLRs
CCcontaining NLR are called as CNLs and TIR domain containing NLRs known as TNLs
Summary
Edited by: Zuhua He, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CAS), China. Reviewed by: Yang Bai, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Germany. The sophisticated innate plant immune system prevents the growth of harmful microbes via two interconnected defense strategies based on pathogen perception. These strategies involve microbeassociated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and microbial effector-triggered immunity. Both these immune responses induce several defense mechanisms for restricting pathogen attack to protect against pathogens and terminate their growth. A spike in recent publications has further improved our understanding of the immune responses in plants as triggered by interactions with microbes. The present study reviews our current understanding of how plant–microbe interactions can activate the sophisticated plant immune system at the molecular level.
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