Abstract
The problem of the present work is to synthesize a nanomagnetic material with low TC below 45 °C and its particle size below 30 nm to be appropriate material for convert magnetic loss into heat energy. A series of Cu0.4Zn0.6+yZryFe2–2yO4 nanoparticles compositions where y = (0.05, 0.1) were synthesized via citrate sol–gel method. The prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The grains were observed from SEM confirming the crystalline structure of the ferrite which was detected by X-ray diffraction. Magnetic hysteresis loop measurements illustrate that materials exhibit soft magnetic properties at low Zr content, while at higher Zr content all materials behave as superparamagnetically without any saturation magnetization Ms. The initial magnetic permeability ({mu }_{i}) at frequency 10 kHz as a function of temperature was measured. A sudden change in {mu }_{i} appears around Curie temperature, making our samples good candidates for magnetic temperature transducer (MTT) devices. The DC resistivity for sample at y = 0.05, 0.1 was studied. The resistivity decreases linearly with increasing temperature within the given range of temperature up to 666 K for all samples. The dielectric constant of all samples is nearly independent on temperature through the range of 450 to 600 K which is a common character of ferrites. The dielectric loss was found to increase by increasing temperature, which may be related to the increase in AC conductivity. Hyperthermia measurements show the maximum specific power loss and temperature increase were 26 w/gr and 43 °C, respectively, for sample containing Zr = 0.05, after 2 min of measurements. One of the real applications of the material is that it is used as an effective method in tumor treatment by exposing the patient to external magnetic field.
Highlights
The aim of this study is to develop nanomagnetic particles with low Curie temperature and a considerable area of hysteresis loop which is capable to produce heat and raise its temperature up to 45 °C to destroy the malignant cell when exposed to external high-frequency magnetic field produced from electromagnet
The formation of the pure spinel phase was confirmed by using X-ray diffraction (XRD)
D= K cos where K is the Scherer's constant equal 0.89. λ is the wavelength of the X-ray for Cu-Kα (λ = 1.5405Å), θ is the diffraction angle, and β is the full width at half maximum (FWHM) in radian
Summary
Due to enhanced properties of nanoparticles (NPs) compared with counterpart bulk materials, they have been used widely in modern fields of technology [1, 2]. One type of NPs which is called spinel ferrites with the general formula AFe2O4 (A = Mn, Co, Ni, Mg, or Zn) is unique due to their tunable physical and chemical properties according to their nanoscale size [3]. Salavati-Niasari et al prepared Mn3O4 nanoparticles using the thermal decomposition method, and their physicochemical characterization was done. A new catalytic method for the selective benzylation of benzene to diphenylmethane using alumina-supported metal chloride as the catalyst and benzyl chloride as the benzylating agent has been studied. The simple preparation, low cost, and easy handling of this catalyst prompted us to study its application for benzylation, an
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