Abstract
This paper presents a review of flame retardants used for glass/polyester laminates. It concerns flame retardants withdrawn from use such as compounds containing halogen atoms and flame retardants currently used in the industry, such as inorganic hydroxides, phosphorus and nitrogen-containing compounds, antimony, and boron compounds, as well as tin–zinc compounds. Attention is also drawn to the use of nanoclays and the production of nanocomposites, intumescent flame retardant systems, and mats, as well as polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes. The paper discusses the action mechanism of particular flame retardants and presents their advantages and disadvantages.
Highlights
Numerous advantages of plastics such as low weight, hardness, resistance to chemicals, water and impact, cheapness, strength, durability, and good electrical properties encourage their use in almost all industrial fields [1]
Polymer matrix composites may be divided into Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyester (GFRP), Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Polyester (HFRP), and Natural Fiber Reinforced Polyester (NFRP)
Simultaneous application of both retardants results in the faster formation of the protective char layer inhibiting the flow of oxygen and reducing the emission of low molecular weight compounds formed during the decomposition of plastic
Summary
Numerous advantages of plastics such as low weight, hardness, resistance to chemicals, water and impact, cheapness, strength, durability, and good electrical properties encourage their use in almost all industrial fields [1]. Even the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent economic fallout did not stop the later growth of plastic resin production Only this segment among chemical sectors experienced post-COVID-19 positive growth in 2020 [5]. Flame retardants reduce that risk and help achieve suitable levels of fire protection These substances have been used for many years and each has its advantages and disadvantages. Their effectiveness in reducing the flammability of different materials depends on many factors: (i) the type of the material, its application, and the environment in which it will be used; (ii) the compatibility of a flame retardant with the specific material; and (iii) processing techniques. Particular attention was paid to their impact on the environment
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