Abstract
The pressure of radiation in double-negative materials (DNG) with simultaneously negative permittivity eeff and permeability μeff predicted by Veselago in the 1960s is less than zero. Another object with positive energy density and negative pressure is a mysterious dark energy thought to drive space apart at an accelerating rate. Unfortunately, Veselago’s phenomenological theory based on classical electromagnetism is unsuitable for dark energy because the latter does not participate in electromagnetic interaction. We build a new theory from the first principle where electromagnetic parameters such as permittivity and permeability do not appear. It can be utilized to study remarkable behaviors of metamaterials and dark energy.
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