Abstract
Bimetallic nanoparticles (BNPs) have attracted greater attention compared to its monometallic counterpart because of their chemical/physical properties. The BNPs have a wide range of applications in the fields of health, energy, water, and environment. These properties could be tuned with a number of parameters such as compositions of the bimetallic systems, their preparation method, and morphology. Monodisperse and anisotropic BNPs have gained considerable interest and numerous efforts have been made for the controlled synthesis of bimetallic nanostructures (BNS) of different sizes and shapes. This review offers a brief summary of the various synthetic routes adopted for the synthesis of Palladium(Pd), Platinum(Pt), Nickel(Ni), Gold(Au), Silver(Ag), Iron(Fe), Cobalt(Co), Rhodium(Rh), and Copper(Cu) based transition metal bimetallic anisotropic nanostructures, growth mechanisms e.g., seed mediated co-reduction, hydrothermal, galvanic replacement reactions, and antigalvanic reaction, and their application in the field of catalysis. The effect of surfactant, reducing agent, metal precursors ratio, pH, and reaction temperature for the synthesis of anisotropic nanostructures has been explained with examples. This review further discusses how slight modifications in one of the parameters could alter the growth mechanism, resulting in different anisotropic nanostructures which highly influence the catalytic activity. The progress or modification implied in the synthesis techniques within recent years is focused on in this article. Furthermore, this article discussed the improved activity, stability, and catalytic performance of BNS compared to the monometallic performance. The synthetic strategies reported here established a deeper understanding of the mechanisms and development of sophisticated and controlled BNS for widespread application.
Highlights
Bimetallic nanostructures (BNS) have gained worldwide attention due to the enhanced properties they have compared to its counterparts and have widely been explored in different applications (Sharma et al, 2017)
Unique properties developed in a single material from the manifestation of multiple metals can be used in different applications such as catalysis, sensing, thermoelectric, and electronic devices (Barakat et al, 2010; Alonso et al, 2012; Piccolo, 2012; Tao, 2012; Liu and Astruc, 2017)
In the year 1857, Michael Faraday was the first person to propose the general method of chemical reduction of gold and other metal salts in the presence of a suitable stabilizer to synthesize a metal nanoparticle dispersed in an aqueous solvent, which turned out to be the most powerful and common technique in the synthesis field (Faraday, 1857)
Summary
Bimetallic nanostructures (BNS) have gained worldwide attention due to the enhanced properties they have compared to its counterparts and have widely been explored in different applications (Sharma et al, 2017). In a general way it could be said that the building blocks are removed from the bulk to shape it into desired nanostructures This process involves physical processes such as the mechanical grinding or ball milling methods that grins the bulk material into a fine powder with the selective addition of stabilizing agents to prevent agglomeration and result in a nanomaterial (Yadav et al, 2012). In the year 1857, Michael Faraday was the first person to propose the general method of chemical reduction of gold and other metal salts in the presence of a suitable stabilizer to synthesize a metal nanoparticle dispersed in an aqueous solvent, which turned out to be the most powerful and common technique in the synthesis field (Faraday, 1857) After his discovery, Turkevich carried out several experiments and established a standard synthesis protocol where he successfully synthesized Pt (Aika et al, 1976), Au (Turkevich et al, 1951) and Pd (Turkevich and Kim, 1970) nanoparticles using sodium citrate as the reducing agent for the supported catalyst. Several attempts were done by adapting control reaction conditions to get fine monodispersity in the nanostructures
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