Modern aspects of the relationship between the functional state of the autonomic nervous system and clinical and laboratory indices of the bodyʼs homeostasis in brain injuries

Abstract

A review of the literature is devoted to the analysis of the role of the autonomic nervous system as the main regulator of the bodyʼs homeostasis in heterotopic (anoxia, craniocerebral trauma, cerebral circulation disorder) brain damage. First of all, clinical, pathophysiological definitions and methods of pharmacological correction of manifestations of sympathetic and parasympathetic hyperactivity (paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity — PSH, paroxysmal parasympathetic hyperactivity — PPH) are considered first. An important aspect of the review is the evaluation of publications devoted to the prevention and therapy of systemic inflammatory response and secondary neuroinflammation based on functional adaptive responses of the autonomic nervous system. The mechanisms of the so-called cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway to systemic and local inflammatory reactions are discussed. The aspects of the influence of the norm and pathology of the autonomic nervous system on the metabolism and energy balance of the organism are described in detail. The prospects of normalizing the nutritional status through therapeutic effects on the structures of the autonomic nervous system located in the hypothalamic zones of the brain, changes in the regulatory influences of parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves, the innervating liver, intestine, and pancreas are estimated. The interactions of peripheral structures of the autonomic nervous system and microbiota are considered separately. The relationship is shown in detail and possible mechanisms of the functional status of the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system in muscular dystonia, respiratory insufficiency and veining are discussed from the point of view of evaluation and correction of the most important constant of autonomic instability in the form of peripheral chemoreceptor insufficiency.