Abstract
The article discusses the ideas of four Polish historians: Marian Małowist, Witold Kula, Jerzy Topolski, and Andrzej Wyczański on the nature, causes and effects of the economic backwardness in early modern Poland. The main stress is laid on the debate on the so-called second serfdom. While Małowist and Kula were close to some sort of dependency theory, Topolski and Wyczański presented the Polish economic development as belated but not necessarily dependent. The concepts developed by the above authors can still be useful as analytical tools for historians and social scientists.
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